The Farm Bill: What Will 2023 Bring?

A package of federal legislation known as the Farm Bill — the most impactful piece of legislation related to agriculture — is proposed, debated and passed by Congress and signed into law by the president.

Continue reading

Medicaid in a Post-COVID World: Waivers Can Provide Flexibility for States

The COVID-19 pandemic has taught states a lot about health policy, especially around Medicaid.

The pandemic highlighted ineq­uities in health care across the states, according to speakers at a recent CSG East Health Policy session.

“It highlighted communities without access where COVID has the highest impact on com­munities with the least access to health care,” said Rhode Island Sen. Joshua Miller. In his state, it also highlighted a lack of trust and a lack of competency in dealing with the pandemic.

In Maryland, said Del. Joseline Peña-Melnyk, chair of the House Health and Government Op­erations Committee, it also illustrated the need for more oversight, especially as executive orders proliferated during the early days.

She, too, noted the impact on communities of color and how they were affected. “We started thinking about equity, but we also started thinking about racism. For the Black and Brown communities, there is structural racism,” she said. “You have to really think about the history.”

Delegate Joseline Peña-Melnyk speaks to the CSG East Health Committee

In addressing some of these issues, states found ways to improve the health care delivery system. Peña-Melnyk worked to pass legislation to recognize racism as a public health issue and create a commission on health equity, which is required to provide yearly recommendations to state leaders on how to improve the lives of those who are marginalized.

Both Maryland and Rhode Island addressed the use of telehealth in communities across the states.

“Telehealth was one, but not the only effort and opportunity, to expand health care to where it was not present,” Miller said.

In Maryland, legislation was passed to ensure undocumented pregnant women have access to prenatal care.

But COVID also illustrated the impact on state budgets and economies when undocumented people don’t have access to health care. Many of them are on the front lines as restaurant workers, grocery workers, and nursing home caregivers.

“If those people have less access to health care, it’s going to not only affect them, it’s going to affect the community because of the pan­demic,” Miller said.

The health care system continues to change and the pandemic has provided some valuable lessons. But to adapt with Medicaid, states need to be more aware of potential for change through the Medicaid waiver process, Miller and Peña-Melnyk said.

“States are very shy. [CMS] would love for states to be creative and submit these waivers and just try and they would be willing to do it,” Peña-Melnyk said.

The post Medicaid in a Post-COVID World: Waivers Can Provide Flexibility for States appeared first on CSG ERC.

State Approaches to Taxing Recreational Marijuana

By Blair Lozier

Recreational marijuana has been legalized in 19 states since 2012. Washington and Colorado were the first states to collect taxes on recreational marijuana. As of June 2022, 12 states have data available on taxes collected: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Illinois, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nevada, Oregon, Vermont and Washington. Seven states – Connecticut, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island and Virginia – have legalized the recreational use of marijuana, but tax collection data is not yet publicly available.

As more states legalize recreational marijuana use, new tax collection methods have been developed. Six states legalized recreational marijuana in 2021, and each one uses a different tax structure to collect revenue on those transactions.

Below is a graph demonstrating the number of states by year that recreational use of marijuana was legalized.

Source: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety Marijuana Laws by State in Detail

Tax Collection Methods

There is no federal regulation on how states can collect marijuana taxes. States have commonly used three methods for collecting taxes.

1. Percentage-of-price

The consumer pays a tax on the total price of the purchase. The tax varies by state/local district and is set at a higher percentage than regular sales taxes.

2. Weight-based

The distributor is responsible for paying an initial tax based on the weight of the product within various categories of marijuana. Then, the retail distributor adds a tax to the closing price of the retail sale. Different types of marijuana and different parts of the marijuana plant can be taxed separately. For example, states can establish a tax on the flower of a marijuana plant that is different from the tax established on marijuana leaves.

3. Potency-based

The tax level is based on the amount of THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) in the product being sold. Tax percentages vary across states.

State Approaches

The percentage of price is the most common method of taxing recreational marijuana sales (12 states).  Maine is the only state that collects the tax through the weight-based method. Illinois is the only state to collect through just the potency-based method. Alaska, California and New Jersey collect taxes through weight-based and percentage-of-price. Connecticut and New York collect taxes through potency-based and percentage-of-price.

Local governments receive most of their revenues from taxes on property and sales. States often give discretion to localities and municipalities to determine their tax rates.  Every state except Illinois, Maine and Michigan allows local or municipal governments to collect an additional tax on marijuana purchases.

Even if states implement a weight-based system, many allow localities to implement a percentage-of-price system enforced where the marijuana is purchased.

States dedicate revenue generated from marijuana sales toward various government programs. For example, Arizona uses a percentage-of-price based tax system and dedicates 33% of revenue to community college funding, 33% to law enforcement and fire departments, 24% for the cost of enforcing the new marijuana law and 10% for the Justice Reinvestment Fund. The Justice Reinvestment Fund was established in 2006 to identify opportunities for change and improvement in the criminal justice system.

Many states use the revenue generated from marijuana sales to fund socio-economic programs to support individuals with drug offenses, economic development and educational and community-based initiatives. Several states dedicate revenue generated from marijuana sales toward various government programs. Most states have multiple uses for the revenue generated from recreational marijuana. On the other hand, Colorado, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Washington dedicate all the funding generated from recreational marijuana retail sales to one specific purpose. Rhode Island and Washington allocate these funds to public health and health care systems. Colorado and Vermont support education programs. Massachusetts dedicates funds to public safety. All five states collect tax under the percentage-of-price tax system.

StateTaxable AmountRevenue Dedication
AlaskaWeight-based  
$50 per ounce for flowers
$15 per ounce for stems and leaves
$25 per ounce for immature flowers and buds
$1 per clone
Percentage-of-price
Localities can levy a percentage of the price
50% for programs to reduce repeat criminal offenses 
25% for drug education and treatment programs
25% for the state’s general fund
ArizonaPercentage-of-price
16% for fall retail purchase
5.6% state general sales tax
Localities can generate a local sales tax.
33% for community colleges funding
33% for law enforcement and fire departments
24% for the cost of enforcing the new marijuana law
10% for the Justice Reinvestment Fund
CaliforniaWeight-based  
$9.65 per ounce for flowers
$2.87 per ounce for leaves
$1.35 per ounce for fresh plants  
15% state tax on retail purchases  
7.25% for state general sales tax  
Local governments can determine their percentage-of-price and general local sales tax.
Costs of marijuana legalization Programs that address negative impact of drug use, economic development, academic studies and youth programs
ColoradoPercentage-of-price
15% for wholesale transactions  
15% for retail transactions  
Local governments can also levy a general local sales tax.
Education programs 
Connecticut*Potency-based
0.625 cents per milligram for plants
2.75 cents per milligram for edibles
0.9 cents per milligram for other products
Percentage-of-price
6.35% state general sales tax  
3% for local governments
Social equity programs
Drug-prevention and recovery programs
IllinoisPotency-based
10% of the retail price when THC content is 35% or less
25% of the retail price when THC content is 36% or higher  
All marijuana-infused products are taxed at 20% of the retail price.
Costs associated with marijuana legalization
Remaining revenue:
State general fund
Substance abuse programs
Local government transfers
Criminal justice reform programs
MaineWeight-based  
$335 per pound for flowers or mature plants
$94 per pound for trim
$1.50 per immature plant or seeding
$0.35 per marijuana seed
10% excise tax on retail sales price
50% for public health and safety programs 
50% for law enforcement training programs related to the legalization of marijuana
MarylandNot Yet DeterminedDevelopment of the Cannabis Public Health Advisory Council and the creation of the Cannabis Public Health Fund
MassachusettsPercentage-of-price
10.75% for retail transactions
6.25% for state general sales tax on purchases
3% for local sales tax on purchases
Various public safety programs
MichiganPercentage-of-price
10% tax for retail transactions
6% state general sales tax  
Education,
Transportation
Transfers to local government
MontanaPercentage-of-price
20% tax for retail transaction  
Localities can levy 3% for retail sales purchases
Environmental conservation
Substance abuse prevention and treatment
Veterans’ services
Health careLocal government
Resentencing efforts for people previously convicted for
NevadaPercentage-of-price
15% for wholesale transactions
10% for retail transactions
6.85% for state general sales tax  
Localities can levy a sales tax on all retail purchases.
Education programs State’s rainy-day fund
New Jersey*Weight-based  
33% for retail price per ounce for the first nine months   After the first nine months:
$10 per ounce if the retail sale is $350 or more
$30 per ounce if the retail sale is between $250 and $349
$40 per ounce if the retail sale is between $200 and $249
$60 per ounce if the retail sale is less than $199
Percentage-of-price
6.625% for state general sales tax on purchases  
Localities can levy up to 2% local sales tax on purchases
70% for Impact Zones (i.e., neighborhoods affected by prior marijuana laws)
30% for administrative costs for legalization and for the state general fund
New Mexico*Percentage-of-price
12% for retail transactions until July 2025
Each year the tax will rise 1% until it reaches 18% in 2030.  
State and local sales taxes may also be implemented.
Administration of marijuana statutes,
Localities where the sales transactions occur and
Deposit to state general fund
New York*Percentage-of-price
9% state level excise tax
4% local level excise tax
Potency-based
0.5 cents per milligram of THC for flower
0.8 cents per milligram of THC for concentrates
3 cents per milligram of THC for edibles
School districts
Drug treatment
Public Education
Reinvestment grants for community-based organizations
Administrative and research costs for marijuana usage studies
OregonPercentage-of-price
17% for retail transactions  
Additionally, localities can levy up to 3% of the retail price 
Education programs,
Drug prevention and treatment programs
Transfers to local governments
Rhode IslandPercentage-of-price
7% state general sales tax
10% new cannabis tax
3% municipality tax, wherever marijuana is sold
Public health and public safety
Vermont*Percentage-of-price
14% for retail transactions  
6% for state general sales tax  
Local governments can levy a sales tax.
After-school learning programs
Virginia*Percentage-of-price
21% for retail transactions
3% for local excise tax
5.3% state general sales tax  
Local governments can levy a sales tax
Pre-kindergarten programs
Reinvestment grants for underserved communities
Drug prevention and treatment programs
WashingtonPercentage-of-price
37% for retail transactions
6.5% for general state sales tax  
Local governments can levy a local sales tax
Health care programs
*States that have enacted marijuana legislation, but no revenue data has been made publicly available.

For more information on marijuana taxes, please visit The Book of States, produced annually by The Council of State Governments: https://issuu.com/csg.publications/docs/bos_2021_issuu

Wyoming Representative Mike Yin Elected 2023 CSG West Vice Chair

During the Annual Meeting each year, the CSG West Executive Committee elects an incoming vice chair based on the recommendations of the Nominating Committee. It is our pleasure to congratulate and introduce the newly elected 2023 CSG West Vice Chair, Wyoming Representative Mike Yin.

Representative Yin has been an active member of CSG West. In 2021, he was selected by his peers as the 2021 Western Legislative Academy (WLA) class president and will return to Colorado Springs this December to welcome the 2022 WLA class. In January, Representative Yin will become an CSG West Officer, continuing the legacy of the WLA as a strong leadership pipeline for leadership opportunities. We look forward to working with Representative Yin in bringing valuable programming and services to Western state legislatures.

The post Wyoming Representative Mike Yin Elected 2023 CSG West Vice Chair appeared first on CSG West.

Wyoming Invests in Community Supervision, Behavioral Health Supports

In 2019, more than half of all prison admissions in Wyoming were due to probation and parole revocations, highlighting the need to address ineffective and costly responses to supervision violations. To tackle this issue, the Wyoming legislature appropriated over $3 million to the Department of Corrections between 2019 and 2020 to improve community supervision practices through changes to the state’s incentives and sanctions system. House Enrolled Act 53, which mandates these changes, is one of five pieces of legislation enacted in 2019 and 2020 as part of Wyoming’s participation in the Justice Reinvestment Initiative. 

LEARN MORE

The post Wyoming Invests in Community Supervision, Behavioral Health Supports appeared first on CSG West.